This paper explores the issue of emerging external funders' contribution to the post-Busan debate on aid effectiveness by looking at Brazil's health cooperation projects in Portuguese-speaking Africa. The authors consider Brazil's health technical cooperation within the country's wider cooperation programme, aiming to identify its key characteristics, claimed principles and values, and analysing how these translate into concrete projects in Portuguese-speaking African countries. They found that, by adopting new concepts on health cooperation and challenging established paradigms - in particular on health systems and HIV and AIDS - the Brazilian health experience has already contributed to shape the emerging consensus on development effectiveness. However, its impact on the field is still largely unscrutinised, and its projects seem to only selectively comply with some of the shared principles agreed upon in Busan. Although Brazilian cooperation is still a model in the making, not immune from contradictions and shortcomings, it should be seen as enriching the debate on development principles, thus offering alternative solutions to advance the discourse on cooperation effectiveness in health.
Resource allocation and health financing
Pandemic influenza presents the greatest risk in low- and middle-income countries. The objective of this paper is to suggest improvements to the methods and scope of economic evaluations surrounding pandemic influenza and other epidemic or pandemic events in these countries. The evidence base for the cost-effectiveness of pandemic influenza preparedness policy options is small but growing rapidly. Modelling methods vary considerably between studies and the literature is limited in scope. To contribute to improving quality and consistency in this emerging study area, the authors recommend: greater focus on low-resource settings; inclusion of non-pharmaceutical interventions; incorporation of health system capacity; and more robust analysis and presentation of pandemic event uncertainty. So, what’s missing from pandemic influenza preparedness cost-effectiveness analysis and research? In the final analysis, the authors identify some crucial research gaps: poor countries, non-pharmaceutical interventions, health system capacity and pandemic uncertainty.
The European Union (EU) is currently negotiating the budget for the European Development Fund (EDF) for 2014-2020. The EDF is the EU’s main instrument for delivering development aid to the 78 African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries under the ACP–EU Cotonou Partnership Agreement. This paper reviews the EDF’s performance against three critiques made by some Member States: the EDF targets middle-income countries (MICs) at the expense of a focus on poor countries; the EDF is inflexible in its procedures and unable to adapt quickly to changing circumstances; and the EDF suffers from weak forecasting and slow disbursement of funds. The author argues that the EDF has a strong focus on poor countries and takes into account other criteria beyond income, like vulnerability and fragility. This focus will become stronger with further differentiation in aid allocation. In terms of flexibility, the EDF continues to face the challenge of being flexible enough to re-programme funds and to respond to crises, whilst at the same time ensuring long-term funding to strengthen security, development and humanitarian links. In terms of slow disbursement, the EU has started to address some of the weaknesses regarding disbursement by boosting staff levels and expertise.
In this review, overall evidence indicates that universal health coverage (UHC) interventions in low- and middle-income countries have improved access to health care. However, the effect of UHC schemes on access, financial protection, and health status varies across contexts, UHC scheme design, and UHC scheme implementation processes. The authors highlight four lessons from the research, which have implications for both policy and future UHC research. First, affordability is important but will not reach those who cannot afford to pay at all. Second, interventions should target the poor but also keep an eye on the non-poor, as the most common UHC scheme designs are generally less effective for the non-poor. Third, benefits should be closely linked to target populations’ needs. Fourth, highly focused interventions can be a useful initial step toward UHC, as they have clearly defined targets and generate positive effects on access, financial protection, and even on health status outcomes. Finally, in terms of future UHC research, the review shows that most of the studies fail to involve evaluators from the start, which has led to weak evaluation designs to assess the impact of UHC schemes.
The first round of consultations for the World Bank’s review of its procurement policy has been completed. Clear areas of contention between external funders, developing countries, and their private sector have arisen in the process on issues of domestic preferences and the use of developing countries’ procurement systems. The Bank has to decide whether it stands on the side of development and developing countries, or whether it stands for market orthodoxy and “business as usual,” argues the author of this article. For the most part developing countries and their domestic private sector argued that managing multiple external funding procurement systems with already limited capacity could be overwhelming. If the Bank wishes to demonstrate its commitment to development, it should support the use of domestic preferences, and live up to its international commitments by using country procurement systems as the default option. Furthermore, it should support developing countries in building transparent end effective country procurement systems and not undermine the policy space that these countries need to implement their development strategies and industrial policies. Eurodad supports calls from civil society organisations to initiate an independent review assessing barriers and how to effectively support small and medium-sized businesses.
In this paper, the authors assessed Malawi’s sector-wide approach (SWAp) through its essential health package (EHP) in terms of coverage and choice of interventions. A review of the cost-effectiveness of 55 EHP interventions was undertaken to assess the appropriateness of each intervention used in the EHP, using WHO recommended protocols for burden of disease and performance and National Health Accounts data for cost. The authors found that 33 of the 55 EHP interventions were potentially cost-effective, while 12 were not so cost-effective, and cost-effective estimates were not available for 10 interventions. The paper suggests further areas of potentially high cost effectiveness for future inclusion in the EHP. Overall, the authors conclude that the SWAp had invested in some very cost-effective health interventions. In terms of numbers of patients treated, the EHP had delivered two-thirds of the services required, despite serious under-funding of the EHP, an increase in the population and shortage of staff. In conclusion, the identification of interventions of proven effectiveness and good value for money and earmarked funding through a SWAp process can produce measurable improvement in health service delivery at extremely low cost.
Trying to determine how best to allocate resources in health care is especially difficult when resources are severely constrained, as is the case in all developing countries. This is particularly true in South Africa currently where the HIV epidemic adds significantly to a health service already overstretched by the demands made upon it. This paper proposes a framework for determining how best to allocate scarce health care resources in such circumstances, which is based on communitarian claims. The basis of possible claims considered include: the need for health care, specified both as illness and capacity to benefit; whether or not claimants have personal responsibility in the conditions that have generated their health care need; relative deprivation or disadvantage; and the impact of services on the health of society and on the social fabric. Ways of determining these different claims in practice and the weights to be attached to them are also discussed.
This study explores the role of cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) in supporting decision-making around health care priorities in South Africa by referring to South African studies that have provided clinical and policy guidance at the levels of the patient, the service and the population. In her analysis, the author positions cost-effectiveness evidence in relation to other concerns such as equity and the overall performance of the health system. At the level of the patient, CEA helps to decide which of several alternative interventions is the most cost-effective in addressing a specific problem. CEA can also assist in identifying interventions that need to be introduced to respond to emerging conditions, as well as help policy makers adjudicate between different modes of service delivery, for example by assessing costs of different types of service integration.
This report offers a comprehensive view of trends in public and private financing of development assistance for health (DAH), with preliminary estimates of how the economic downturn is affecting health financing in 2010. The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) notes that the global economic recession appears to be contributing to a slowing of the rate of growth in DAH. Estimates show continued growth through 2010 to a total of $26.87 billion by year’s end, but the rate of growth was cut by more than half from an annual average of 13% between 2004 and 2008 to 6% annually between 2008 and 2010. Spending on HIV and AIDS programmes continued to rise at a strong rate, making HIV and AIDS the most funded of all health focus areas. Maternal, newborn and child health received about half as much funding as HIV and AIDS in 2008. Tuberculosis funding grew steadily from 1990 through 2008. Malaria funding rose more dramatically than any other health focus area between 2007 and 2008. Despite much discussion about the need for general health sector support, funding for that area has grown slowly since 2006, according to the report. Non-communicable diseases receive the least amount of funding compared with other health focus areas. Uncertainty about the future of DAH underscores the importance of tracking global health spending to ensure resources are directed as efficiently as possible to the world’s most pressing health needs.
Chief Economist of the African Development Bank Group (AfDB) Professor, Mthuli Ncube, noted that several economic factors that are redefining economic relations around the world, including the economic recession in Europe and America, and Africa's new economic partner – China. From 1960 to 2008, foreign donors have put over US$650 billion in external funding into the Africa, but Global Financial Integrity put the total capital flight from the continent from 1960 to date at US$844 billion, representing a net loss. Professor Ncube said African countries must focus on building infrastructure and strengthening intra-continent economic ties to help cover an anticipated drop in foreign aid.