According to this policy brief, significant gains for both health and climate can be attained by providing access to clean cookstoves and fuels for the 2.7 billion people still dependent on the use of rudimentary, traditional biomass and coal stoves. These stoves are estimated to directly cause about two million deaths annually, including over one million deaths from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and almost another million deaths from pneumonia in children under the age of five. The World Health Organisation estimates that 11% of all chronic lung disease burden in Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa among adults over 30 could be averted in less than a decade by the introduction of more advanced biomass or biogas stoves, in pace with United Nations targets for universal energy access, which would also help avoid 17% of all pneumonia deaths among children under five in the same regions. Recent evidence suggests that exposure to indoor air pollution is also associated with non-communicable diseases such as heart disease, stroke, cataract and cancers, notably lung cancer.
Poverty and health
There is concern that increased consumption of palm oil could exacerbate mortality from ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke, particularly in developing countries where it represents a major nutritional source of saturated fat. The authors of this study analysed country-level data from 1980-1997 derived from the World Health Organisation's Mortality Database, United States Department of Agriculture international estimates, and the World Bank (234 annual observations; 23 countries). They found that, in developing countries, for every additional kilogram of palm oil consumed per-capita annually, IHD mortality rates increased by 68 deaths per 100,000, whereas, in similar settings, stroke mortality rates increased by 19 deaths per 100,000 but were not significant. Inclusion of other major saturated fat sources including beef, pork, chicken, coconut oil, milk cheese, and butter did not substantially change the differentially higher relationship between palm oil and IHD mortality in developing countries. The authors urge policy makers to consider palm oil consumption as a saturated fat source relevant for policies aimed at reducing cardiovascular disease burdens.
The Food Sovereignty Campaign is a movement of emerging farmers and farm dwellers is based in the Western and Northern Cape provinces. They point out that while property rights are enshrined in the constitution of the country, in a land reform programme based on a ‘willing buyer, willing seller’ model, land is being priced out of reach of the poor and of the state. The authors argue that there is no provision in law, as in Brazil, to allow hungry people to grow food on unused land of absent owners. Land occupations are happening in South Africa, fuelled by growing frustration among the rural poor due to persistent and unaddressed inequality. The Food Sovereignty Campaign argues that land occupations are an expression amongst small farmers and farm dwellers of their frustration over their landlessness, powerlessness and exploitation.
In the run up to the 2011 United Nations climate conference – hosted in Durban, South Africa, from 28 November to 1 December – Oxfam is supporting communities to speak out about the impact that climate change is having on their lives. In drought-prone areas of Kenya, Oxfam has worked with communities to organise climate hearings. This document reports that at time of writing four million Kenyans faced hunger as a result of failed rains. The northern regions of Turkana and Wajir experienced chronic drought, leaving over half the population dependant on food aid. The hearings are seen as a vital opportunity for communities to speak out about the dramatic impact that climate change is having on their lives. Testimony from the hearings paints a devastating picture of lives and livelihoods that have been severely disrupted by what communities see as a changing climate. Feedback from the hearings indicate that cattle are crucially important to pastoralists, but with changing weather patterns, cattle-rearing is more and more difficult, and livestock are reduced to feeding on polythene paper and human waste. Women in particular are found to suffer from the consequences of a changing climate, with livestock death leading to food insecurity, falling household incomes and child school drop out. The findings of the hearings were taken to the United Nations Climate Change Summit in Durban in end November 2011.
The Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA) and the Gates Foundation represent the interests of biotechnology companies like Monsanto that are attempting to monopolise Africa’s seed industry, according to the author of this article. With Monsanto among the Foundation's portfolio investments, the author questions the legitimacy of the Foundation’s drive to promote genetically modified (GM) crops produced and patented by Monsanto. The risks to farmers of fully adopting industrial agriculture in general and GM seeds in particular include: transferring their food and farming decisions to global corporations; losing ecological and agricultural diversity as GM crop varieties spread; increased use of pesticide and fertiliser normally required for GM crops; and driving small- and medium-scale family farmers off their land because they cannot afford the expensive inputs that industrial agriculture demands, like patented GM seeds. Instead, the author argues for an approach based on traditional knowledge, with small-scale farmers growing diverse crops for local markets, planting farmer-selected crops from seed saved year-on-year (referred to as heirloom varieties), and, drawing on case studies, argues that integrated farm management based on traditional knowledge – without using pesticides or chemical fertilisers – have proven to yield greater harvests. To address the issues of nutrition security, poverty and health in Africa, farmers and governments should not be coerced into following the Western industrial agricultural model, and the Gates Foundation and AGRA should not be regarded as genuine partners in finding solutions to the food crisis in the continent.
This report maps progress in water supply and sanitation of 32 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. According to the report, political stability has heavily influenced progress in improving access to water supply and sanitation services with low-income stable countries outperforming low-income fragile and resource-rich countries, breaking with the common perception that access to sanitation and water increases with gross domestic product (GDP). The good progress of low-income stable countries has been assisted by their receiving three times more aid than low-income fragile countries and two times more aid than resource-rich countries, per unserved person. Low-income stable countries making most progress have capitalised on harmonised and aligned aid modalities to successfully transition to more programmatic, ‘country-led’ forms of service delivery. The authors emphasise that a shift in aid modalities from external funder-driven projects to country-led programmatic approaches can potentially increase access to water and sanitation services for millions of people by 2015. To accelerate progress to meet Millennium Development Goals for water and sanitation, at least an additional US$6 billion a year of domestic and external funding is needed, they add.
In this paper, the author argues that poverty robs children of their rights, forcing parents to sell their daughters in exchange for money. The trio of poverty, sexual assaults and HIV are argued to be are complementary to one another. In this paper, five case cases are described, as presented at Sinawe Centre as victims of rape, where money has played a role in the delay in reporting the crime to the police. First, a 13 year old girl was raped by a known person. The cost of settlement was a mere R500 (equivalent to US$70). The second victim was paid R10 or R20 for each sexual act. Third, fourth and fifth cases were young girls who were forced to marry by their parents. The history, physical examination and laboratory investigations are given. Psychosocial and economic aspects are also discussed, such as the cultural practice of lobola (bride price). The author argues that South Africa’s high incidence of HIV and AIDS may be partly linked to the custom of lobola, which is often seen as a monetary transaction, whereby the wife is a bought object and the husband often feels free to acquire mistresses. This increases the possibility of infection, which is turn can be transmitted to the wife. In addition, the author argues that high rates of sexual assault in South Africa run parallel with high levels of HIV prevalence, and mental health problems resulting from rape are seldom treated. Although the South African government Has pledged to provide HIV post-exposure prophylaxis if the survivors of rape present within 72 hours of the event, none of the girls and women in the case studies qualified, as they reported the incidences too late.
As African farmers experience escalating anxiety over the appropriation and control of land, seeds and farming techniques by foreign governments and corporations, the multi-million dollar Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa – a Gates Foundation-funded initiative – promises to increase food production and defeat poverty in Africa by implementing vigorous Western-style agricultural techniques and genetically modified crops. Modelled on the previous Green Revolutions of Latin America and the Indian sub-continent, the African Green Revolution should heed the environmental devastation these previous experiments in agriculture have wrought, the author of this article cautions, such as seriously depleted water tables and impoverished soil. Although new seeds and tools may bring higher production in the short term, some Africans are concerned about the consolidated control that foreign corporations will exercise over food supply, as well as the precarious dependence on large amounts of water and energy inputs, and the environmental toll such methods may eventually take. A growing movement of local farmers – largely led by women – argues that the surest path to food security is ensuring food sovereignty. The article points to a number of international organisations and alliances, like Via Campesina and Groundswell International, which advocate for community-level control over food production. These organisations target primarily women farmers who, according to the article, are responsible for up to 70% of food production in the developing world. The author asserts that supporting small-scale women farmers is crucial to ensuring food sovereignty in poor countries.
In response to declining soil fertility in southern Africa and the negative effects that this leads to, such as food insecurity, fertiliser tree systems (FTS) were developed as technological innovation to help smallholder farmers to build soil organic matter and fertility in a sustainable manner. In this paper, the authors trace the historical background of FTS and highlight the developmental phases and outcomes of the technology. The synthesis shows that FTS are inexpensive technologies that significantly raise crop yields, reduce food insecurity and enhance environmental services and resilience of agro-ecologies. Many of the achievements recorded with FTS can be traced to some key factors: the availability of a suite of technological options that are appropriate in a range of different household and ecological circumstances, partnership between multiple institutions and disciplines in the development of the technology, active encouragement of farmer innovations in the adaptation process, and proactive engagement of several consortia of partner institutions to scale up the technology in farming communities. It is recommended that smallholder farmers would benefit if rural development planners emphasise the merits of different fertility replenishment approaches and take advantage of the synergy between FTS and mineral fertilisers rather than focusing on `organic vs. inorganic' debates.
In this interview with the World Health Organisation, Brazilian Minister of Health Alexandre Padilha calls on other countries around the world to develop a pact to eradicate poverty and hunger. Padhila calls for the launch of a proactive and rational agenda that encompasses the food, pharmaceutical, arms, tobacco and alcohol industries, as well as action to develop and increase the wealth of peoples, setting goals for environmental sustainability and the end of extreme poverty. The last two United Nations meetings on health – on polio and HIV and AIDS – point to the same direction in solving both challenges: equity in the access to prevention measures and treatment, he notes. The Brazilian Ministry of Health has carried out a broad public consultation to prepare a plan to address non-communicable diseases. The prevention and control of these diseases will be the subject of a set of political and governmental policies.