Gender equality is essential for poverty reduction and sustained economic growth, yet lack of money remains one of the greatest impediments to achieving it. In a new compilation of essays from around the world, gender experts and development practitioners examine how to ensure that sufficient financial resources are available to make the changes that not only affect the lives of millions of women, but also impact on society as a whole. One of the biggest impediments to gender equality is lack of money. Although countries have signed up to the Monterrey Consensus and have developed plans of action for women, national and state budgets have not reflected the same priorities. The Monterrey Consensus is distinguished by its recognition of both the need for developing countries to take responsibility for their own poverty reduction and the necessity for rich nations to support this endeavour with more open trade and increased financial aid. Lack of access to land, credit, information, lack of participation in decision-making within the family and community and their reproductive role mean that women's capacity to take advantage of economic opportunities is inhibited. Although it has been recognised that these issues have serious costs to society, there has not been solid progress in formulating and implementing policies and programmes that are gender-sensitive. The paper calls for governments, bilateral and multilateral organisations to scale up their commitments to financing gender equality, making a real difference to the lives of women, reduce poverty and promote sustainable development.
Poverty and health
Unlike the other developing regions of the world where poverty has been on the decline, the proportion of people living below the poverty line in Africa increased from 42.6 percent in 1980 to 44.1 percent in 1990 and 45.7 percent in 2003. Consequently, an increasing number of Africans have suffered from insufficient income and capacity to access food and other basic amenities such as potable water, minimum health care and education. The poor performance of the continent in achieving sustained economic growth and poverty reduction is also manifest in that, although most African economics remain essentially agrarian with about 60 percent of the total labor force being employed in agriculture, the continent has failed to feed its growing population. This paper attempts to understand how the African continent found itself into this loop of poverty. The author analyses the causes that have brought Africa to its present state of poverty and food insecurity.
Despite the lack of reliable trend data on maternal mortality, some investigators now believe that progress in maternal health has been very slow in sub-Saharan Africa. This study uses a unique combination of health facility- and individual-level data collected in the slums of Nairobi, Kenya to: describe the provision of obstetric care in the Nairobi informal settlements; describe the patterns of antenatal and delivery care, notably in terms of timing, frequency, and quality of care; and draw policy implications aimed at improving maternal health among the rapidly growing urban poor populations. It shows that the study area is deprived of public health services and that despite the high prevalence of antenatal care (ANC), the proportion of women who made the recommended number of visits or who initiated the visit in the first trimester of pregnancy remains low. Household wealth, education, parity, and place of residence were closely associated with frequency and timing of ANC and with place of delivery. There is a strong link between use of antenatal care and place of delivery. The findings of this study call for urgent attention by Kenya’s Ministry of Health and local authorities to the void of quality health services in poor urban communities and the need to provide focused and sustained health education geared towards promoting use of obstetric services.
The study seeks to improve understanding of maternity health seeking behaviors in resource-deprived urban settings by identifying factors which influence the choice of place of delivery among the urban poor, with a distinction between sub-standard and “appropriate” health facilities. Methods The data are from a maternal health project carried out in two slums of Nairobi, Kenya. A total of 1,927 women were interviewed, and 25 health facilities where they delivered, were assessed. Facilities were classified as either “inappropriate” or “appropriate”. Although 70% of women reported that they delivered in a health facility, only 48% delivered in a facility with skilled attendant. Besides education and wealth, the main predictors of place of delivery included being advised during antenatal care to deliver at a health facility, pregnancy 'wantedness', and parity. The influence of health promotion (i.e., being advised during antenatal care visits) was significantly higher among the poorest women. Interventions to improve the health of urban poor women should include improvements in the provision of, and access to, quality obstetric health services. Women should be encouraged to attend antenatal care where they can be given advice on delivery care and other pregnancy-related issues. Target groups should include poorest, less educated and higher parity women.
The aim of this study was to describe current infant growth patterns using WHO Child Growth Standards and to determine the extent to which these patterns are associated with infant feeding practices, equity dimensions, morbidity and use of primary health care for the infants. A cross-sectional survey of infant feeding practices, socio-economic characteristics and anthropometric measurements was conducted in Mbale District, Eastern Uganda in 2003; 723 mother-infant (0-11 months) pairs were analysed. The adjusted analysis for stunting showed stunting was more prevalent among boys (58.7% versus 41.3%). Having brothers and/or sisters was a protective factor against stunting, but replacement or mixed feeding was not. Lowest household wealth was the most prominent factor associated with stunting with a more than three-fold increase in odds ratio. In conclusion, stunting is related to sub-optimal infant feeding practices after birth, poor household wealth, age, gender and family size.
Using a cross-country data, drawn from sub-Saharan Africa and a multiple regression analysis, this paper examines the extent to which low nutrient intake has impacted on infant mortality rate in sub-Saharan Africa. The results indicate that low nutrient intake has a significant influence on infant mortality rate, thus fulfilling the a-priori expectation that the lower the nutrient intake, the higher the rate of infant mortality rate in sub-Saharan Africa. Given this, measures such as, increase in food availability, macro-economic stability (especially, a reduction in inflation rate and exchange rate stability), improved nutrition through micro-nutrients fortification and supplementation, ensuring good governance and combating ethnic/religious/ civil conflicts and HIV/AIDS are suggested as possible solutions to improving nutrient intake in sub-Saharan Africa.
Pimbert’s book covers a range of topics related to food sovereignty. He looks at local food systems, livelihoods and environments, and the ecological basis of food systems before explaining how the current multiple crises in food, agriculture and environment arose, in terms of the social and environmental costs of modern food systems. The book concludes with the author’s vision of a way forward: He presents food sovereignty as an alternative paradigm for food and agriculture and discusses how to promote national policies and legislation and global multilateralism and policies that promote food sovereignty.
Cholera can rapidly lead to severe dehydration and death if left untreated. Oral rehydration salts (ORS) can successfully treat 80% of cholera patients - both adults and children –and should be given early at home to avert delays in rehydration and improve survival. WHO outlines in the report that it does not see any contradiction in making ORS packages available to households and non-medical personnel outside health care facilities. In contrast, making ORS available at household and community levels can avert unnecessary deaths and contributes to diminishing case fatality rates, particularly in resource-poor settings. Providing nutritious food as well as continuing breastfeeding for infants and young children should continue simultaneously with administering appropriate fluids or ORS.
During his three-day visit from 16-19 December 2008, Dr Sambo held discussions with national authorities and partners on ways and means of bringing an end to the spread of the cholera epidemic. Dr Sambo advised that beyond cholera, other specific health problems may become worse if the key social and economic determinants of health are not urgently improved. He highlighted the importance of inter-sectoral approach in the prevention of cholera and reached agreement with the Minister of Health to establish the Cholera Command and Control Centre, jointly operated by WHO and the Ministry of Health of Zimbabwe, to coordinate and boost the country’s capacity to manage the response particularly in the areas of disease surveillance, case management, water and sanitation, social mobilisation and logistics.
In this article exploring the history of socio-economic inequality, the author calls for an interpretation of the current food crisis over the historical long term. As a direct consequence of an entrenched, centuries-old capitalist system, the market as a ‘modernising’ force has consistently enriched the lives of a few while impoverishing a poor majority. Understanding the food crisis rests first and foremost on re-considering humanity’s relationship to nature and championing historical narratives true to the voices and experiences of the global poorest of the poor. Up till now, analysts have been discussing the current food crisis from the perspective of the last few decades, which is very short term, suggesting that the problem is momentary and conjunctural. It is neither and has been in the making for a very long time, as far back as 1491.