This paper describes the development of a tool that uses human rights concepts and methods to improve relevant laws, regulations and policies related to sexual and reproductive health. This tool aims to improve awareness and understanding of States’ human rights obligations. It includes a method for systematically examining the status of vulnerable groups, involving non-health sectors, fostering a genuine process of civil society participation and developing recommendations to address regulatory and policy barriers to sexual and reproductive health with a clear assignment of responsibility. Strong leadership from the ministry of health, with support from the World Health Organization or other international partners, and the serious engagement of all involved in this process can strengthen the links between human rights and sexual and reproductive health, and contribute to national achievement of the highest attainable standard of health.
Values, Policies and Rights
Three leading scientific and health policy organisations have launched a global drive for signatories to the Vienna Declaration, a statement seeking to improve community health and safety by calling for the incorporation of scientific evidence into illicit drug policies. Misguided drug policies that criminalise drug abuse are claimed to fuel the AIDS epidemic and result in violence, increased crime rates and destabilisation of entire states, without evidence they have reduced rates of drug use or drug supply. Scientists are calling for evidence-based approaches to illicit drug policy that start by recognising that addiction is a medical condition, not a crime. The Vienna Declaration describes the known harms of conventional ‘war on drugs’ approaches and calls for governments to implement evidence-based approaches that respect, protect and fulfil human rights, as well as reduce harms deriving from current policies. This would allow for the redirection of the vast financial resources towards where they are needed most: implementing and evaluating evidence-based prevention, regulatory, treatment and harm reduction interventions. Legal barriers to scientifically proven prevention services such as needle programmes and opioid substitution therapy (OST) mean hundreds of thousands of people become infected with HIV and Hepatitis C (HCV) every year.
A landmark court case, alleging that HIV-positive women were forcibly sterilised in Namibian state hospitals is taking place in Windhoek, Namibia. Human rights groups claim the practice has continued long after the authorities were notified. Three women's cases will be heard initially. Each woman is demanding the equivalent of US$132,000 in damages. 'The first cases emerged during community meetings in early 2008. In the months that followed we interviewed 230 women, 40 of whom were sterilised against their will,' says Veronica Kalambi of the International Community of Women living with HIV (ICW). 'In August 2008 we formally alerted the Ministry during a meeting with the deputy Minister.' The State will argue that consent forms were signed in all three cases. However, the women’s lawyers maintain the process necessary for 'informed consent' was not followed and the women were coerced, or did not understand the procedure.
This article is concerned with the lack of integrated healthcare services for expectant mothers in developing nations. For example, mothers-to-be have may have to visit up to five different healthcare providers for services that could be provided by one clinic. The article identifies the need for women to take control of their own bodies and for their choices to be respected as the main issue facing maternal health in the world's poorest countries. Women should be able to decide when to have children, how often to have children and if they want children at all. The article also argues for empowering young women to pursue whatever life they choose for themselves, noting that a woman should be more than just a ‘baby factory’ but should also be able to pursue a career and other options. Reducing maternal mortality requires the unmet needs for family planning and reproductive health to be addressed alongside the other unmet needs of pregnant women. The article expresses disappointment that, at the 2010 Women Deliver Conference, held from 7–9 June 2010 in the United States, there was little talk of the millions of vulnerable and marginalised adolescent girls who are failing to access reproductive and maternal services. Whether this inequality is to be addressed or entrenched was apparently unclear from the Conference’s discussions.
This piece provides information on the civil society solidarity with three HIV-positive women in Namibia who are claiming compensation for alleged sterilisation without informed consent. The women are each suing the Ministry of Health and Social Services for alleged violation of their right to dignity, to non-discrimination and to found a family. A petition on the issue, signed by more than 1,000 people from Namibia and around the world, was handed to the Ministry of Health and Social Services. The petition demands that, amongst other things, the Ministry of Health and Social Services issue a circular to both the public and private health facilities explicitly prohibiting the practice of sterilisation without informed consent.
Health has long been intertwined with the foreign policies of states. In recent years, however, global health issues have risen to the highest levels of international politics and have become accepted as legitimate issues in foreign policy. This elevated political priority is in many ways a welcome development for proponents of global health, and it has resulted in increased funding for and attention to select global health issues. However, this paper argues that there has been less examination of the tensions that characterise the relationship between global health and foreign policy and of the potential effects of linking global health efforts with the foreign policy interests of states. The paper reviews the relationship between global health and foreign policy by examining the roles of health across four major components of foreign policy: aid, trade, diplomacy and national security. For each of these aspects of foreign policy, the paper reviews current and historical issues and discuss how foreign policy interests have aided or impeded global health efforts. The increasing relevance of global health to foreign policy holds both opportunities and dangers for global efforts to improve health.
As the G8 Summit comes to a close, international agency Oxfam criticized the leaders for their failure to deliver on their promises and for trying to divert attention by cobbling together a small initiative for maternal and child health. “No maple leaf is big enough to hide the shame of Canada’s summit of broken promises,” said Mark Fried, spokesperson for Oxfam. “The G8’s failure will leave a sad legacy of kids out of school, denied medicines for the sick, and no food for the hungry.” With total G8 aid frozen, their five billion dollar commitment to maternal health will likely be taken from vital areas such as education and food, cautioned Oxfam. Oxfam also urged the G20 to adopt a financial transaction tax to raise the funds necessary to fight poverty and climate change.
This statement was made by parliamentarians who attended the Women Deliver Conference, which was held from 7–9 June in Washington, DC, United States. The statement addresses a number of areas: creating laws and policies with and for women and girls; giving women and girls their fair share of funding (budget and oversight responsibilities); advocating for a women’s and girl’s agenda everywhere by advancing Millennium Development Goal 5 locally, nationally, regionally and globally; and raising awareness and building knowledge on women’s and girls’ issues. The Parliamentarians pledge to carry out these actions and to systematically and actively monitor their progress. They commit to communicate the results achieved in working with their respective authorities and work in close co-operation with civil society and other key stakeholders to support national action plans to be presented during the United Nations High Level Review meeting on the Millennium Development Goals.
This resolution from the World Health Assembly calls on member states to implement recommendations on the marketing of foods and non-alcoholic beverages to children, while taking into account existing legislation and policies, as appropriate. Governments should identify the most suitable policy approach and develop new policies and strengthen existing policies that aim to reduce the impact of marketing unhealthy foods on children, as well as to establish a system for monitoring and evaluating the implementation of the recommendations on the marketing of foods and non-alcoholic beverages to children. They should take active steps to establish intergovernmental collaboration to reduce the impact of cross-border marketing and co-operate with civil society and with public and private stakeholders in implementing the set of recommendations on the marketing of foods and non-alcoholic beverages to children.
In this open letter, the Solidarity Community Care Organisation condemns the sterilisation of HIV-positive women without their consent in Namibia as discriminatory. It identifies other forms of discrimination against HIV-positive Namibians, such as a medical aid scheme that accepts HIV-positive clients who are on anti-retroviral therapy, while excluding those who are not. The Solidarity Community Care Organisation urges all HIV-positive persons in the country to unite and fight for their rights while fulfilling their obligations, such as restraining from spreading the virus. It also calls for all HIV-positive Namibians to denounce all forms of discrimination wherever they manifest themselves in Namibia.